TREE DECAY AN EXPANDED CONCEPT

TREE DECAY AN EXPANDED CONCEPT

Then, what CAN and CANNOT be done about the decay processes?  The more we learn about the processes the better are our chances for REGULATING them.

WE CANNOT:

*Stop the processes.  We cannot stop our ultimate death either, but that does not mean we cannot live a long, healthy, and productive life.

WE CAN:

* Prevent decay-temporarily. * Decrease the rate. * Increase the rate. *Detect it.

* Predict its rate.

* Predict its ultimate configuration. *Minimize its volume.

How effectively we can do the above depends on how well we understand the decay processes.  The decay processes are not so overwhelming that they defy regulation.

SURVIVAL of any organism depends on its ability to compete effectively with other organisms for space and an energy source. To survive, organisms must live long enough to complete a life cycle. They must compete for food and space under constantly changing environmental conditions.  They must respond rapidly and effectively to injury caused by abiotic and biotic factors.  The response must be such that it enables the organisms to continue to survive.

那們，樹木腐朽過程中能做什麼與不能做什麼??  我們愈了解樹木腐朽過程，愈可以能夠有調節的機會

我們不可以:

我們不能停止樹木腐朽過程。我們不能停止的最終的死亡，但是，這不意味不能活的長命、建康和富足的活著。

我們可以:

* 暫時預防腐朽* 降低腐朽速率* 增加腐朽速率* 確認腐朽位置

* 預測腐朽速率

* 預測腐朽最後的形態，並減少的體積

樹木腐朽過程並不是沒有辦法去控制，如果了解腐朽的過程，我們可以有效的做到上述能力。

任何生物要能夠存活，必需要能和其他生物競爭空間和能量來源。並活到完整的生命週期，在不斷變化的環境下取得食物和生存空間。面對生物和非生物因子的傷害，快速做出反應，並這個反應能夠使生物能續繼生存下去。

The Major Reason Why Wood-inhabiting Microorganisms Survive is that They Become Established in Succession.

THE TREE DECAY PROCESSES START WITH A WOUND-A break in the protective bark that exposes the xylem. 

New space and nutrients become immediately available to a wide variety of organisms-bacteria.

nondecay fungi, decay-causing fungi, algae, mosses, lichens, insects. slugs. spiders. and small animals.  The competition is intense.  Many organisms compete, but as time passes, fewer and fewer are successful.   Environmental factors- rain, ice, snow, wind, heat, cold- affect their survival.  And, while the wound surface battle rages, those living wood cells that are behind the wound are REACTING to the injury and infection.  The normal physiological processes give way to new protective processes.  Shifts in metabolism occur.  Materials that are poisonous to some organisms are formed in the tree cells.  In a sense, the tree begins to form a protective chemical shield around and immediately behind the wound. (fig. 11 above)

木棲微生物能夠存活並演替的主因

樹木腐朽由傷口開始-保護樹木的樹皮破損後，曝露出木質部，細菌立即得到新的生存空間和養份，接著樹木腐朽真菌與非樹木腐朽真菌、藻類、地衣、苔蘇、昆蟲、轎輸，蜘蛛和小動物相互激烈競爭和抗衡，隨著時間的進行，這些生物愈來愈少能夠成功存活。

環境因素-雨、冰、雪、風、熱、寒冷，影響木棲生物生存。然而，還有在樹木傷口表面互相爭地盤，而活的樹木細胞會受損傷和感染，此時樹木生理代謝會發生改變，樹木細胞會形成對一些生物有毒性的材料。

在某種意義上，樹木會立即在傷口後方與周邊，形成化學的防護層。(圖.11)

MICROORGANISMS: 
1) Spores of fungi, 
2) Cladosporium, 
3) Trichoderma, 
4) Aspergillus,
5) Phialophora, 
6) Bacteria, 
7) Yeasts, 
8)Fusarium, 
9) Penicillium, 
10)Altemaria, 
11)Pullularia, 
12) Cytospora.

木棲微生物

1．真菌孢子

2．枝孢菌

3．木黴菌

4．曲黴菌

5．瓶微菌

6．細菌

7．酵母

8．鐮刀菌

9．青黴菌

10．鏈格孢菌

11． 芽霉菌

12．  殼囊孢

資料來源: 

Alex L. Shigo

Plant Pathologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Durham New Hampshire

Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 419 April 1979

翻譯:樹沃客樹藝