柑橘多樣性與遺傳 Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus

 柑橘多樣性與遺傳

Fig. 1 - Phylogenetic origins of major secondary Citrus species with the maternal and paternal ancestors (dotted lines are hypothetical cross).

Fig. 3 - Genetic origin of the main lime and lemon varieties and Citrus sub-groups.

a, Allelic proportion of five progenitor citrus species in 50 accessions. CI, C. medica; FO, Fortunella; MA, C. reticulata; MC, C. micrantha; PU, C. maxima; UNK, unknown. The pummelos and citrons represent pure citrus species, whereas in the heterogeneous set of mandarins, the degree of pummelo introgression subdivides the group into pure (type-1) and admixed (type-2 and -3) mandarins. Three-letter code as in Fig. 1, see Supplementary Table 2 for details. b, Genealogy of major citrus genotypes. The five progenitor species are shown at the top. Blue lines represent simple crosses between two parental genotypes, whereas red lines represent more complex processes involving multiple individuals, generations and/or backcrosses. Whereas type-1 mandarins are pure species, type-2 (early-admixture) mandarins contain a small amount of pummelo admixture that can be traced back to a common pummelo ancestor (with P1 or P2 haplotypes). Later, additional pummelo introgressions into type-2 mandarins gave rise to both type-3 (late-admixture) mandarins and sweet orange. Further breeding between sweet orange and mandarins or within late-admixture mandarins produced additional modern mandarins. Fruit images are not to scale and represent the most popular citrus types. See Supplementary Note 1.1 for nomenclature usage.

a, Principal coordinate analysis of 58 citrus accessions based on pairwise nuclear genome distances and metric multidimensional scaling. The first two axes separate the three main citrus groups (citrons, pummelos and mandarins) with interspecific hybrids (oranges, grapefruit, lemon and limes) situated at intermediate positions relative to their parental genotypes. b, Violin plots of the heterozygosity distribution in 58 citrus accessions, representing 10 taxonomic groups as well as 2 related genera, Poncirus (Poncirus trifoliata, also known as Citrus trifoliata) and Chinese box orange (Severinia). White dot, median; bar limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× interquartile range. The bimodal separation of intraspecies (light blue) and interspecies (light pink) genetic diversity is manifested among the admixed mandarins and across different genotypes including interspecific hybrids. Three-letter codes are listed in parenthesis with additional descriptions in Supplementary Table 2. c, Chronogram of citrus speciation. Two distinct and temporally well-separated phases of species radiation are apparent, with the southeast Asian citrus radiation followed by the Australian citrus diversification. Age calibration is based on the citrus fossil C. linczangensis16 from the Late Miocene (denoted by a filled red circle). The 95% confidence intervals are derived from 200 bootstraps. Bayesian posterior probability is 1.0 for all nodes. d, Proposed origin of citrus and ancient dispersal routes. Arrows suggest plausible migration directions of the ancestral citrus species from the centre of origin—the triangle formed by northeastern India, northern Myanmar and northwestern Yunnan. The proposal is compatible with citrus biogeography, phylogenetic relationships, the inferred timing of diversification and the paleogeography of the region, especially the geological history of Wallacea and Japan. The red star marks the fossil location of C. linczangensis. Citrus fruit images in c and d are not drawn to scale.

Citrus Fruit Species

• Citron

• Mandarin Orange

• Pomelo

• Lemon

• Tangerine

• Koji Orange

• Bergamot Orange

• Kumquat

• Clymenia

• Hyuganatsu (Konatsu, New Summer Orange)

• Kabosu

• Kawachi Bankan

• Mangshanyegan

• Myrtle-leaved Orange Tree Fruit (Typically used for Chinotto)

• Shaddock

• Satsuma (Cold Hardy Mandarin)

• Sudachi

• Desert Lime

• Finger Lime

• Round Lime

• Ginger Lime (Adajamir)

• Ichang Papeda

• Kaffir Lime

Hybrids and Cultivars

• Blood Orange

• Bitter Orange (Sour Orange, Seville Orange)

• Navel Orange

• Sweet Orange

• Grapefruit

• Clementine

• Key Lime

• Persian Lime (Bearss Lime, Tahiti Lime)

• Amanatsu (Natsumikan)

• Meyer Lemon

• Tangelo (Honeybell)

• Sweet Lemon (Sweet Limetta, Sweet Lime)

• Calamondin (Calamansi)

• Balady Citron (Israel Citron)

• Buddha’s Hand (Bushukan, Fingered Citron)

• Corsican Citron

• Diamante Citron

• Etrog

• Greek Citron

• Moroccan Citron

• Pompia

• Cam Sành

• Citrange

• Citrumelo

• Iyokan (Anadomikan)

• Florentine Citron

• Haruka

• Hassaku

• Yuzu

• Kinnow

• Orangelo

• Jabara

• Kobayashi Mikan

• Oroblanco

• Volkamer Lemon

• Lumia

• Rangpur Lime (Lemandarin)

• Ponkan

• Shonan Gold

• Tangor

• Kinkoji Unshiu

• Yukouponderosa Lemon

• Shangjuan (Ichang Lemon)

• Taiwan Tangerine

• Kuchinotsu No. 37

• Kiyomi

• Jamaican Tangelo

• Kanpei

資料來源:

https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2169

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25447

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/citrus-248329654/248329654#30

https://www.cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp/plantbreeding/study-introduction/86/

https://www.citrusgenomedb.org/MapViewer

https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2169