Archive for 9月 2017

Home Archive for 9月 2017

誘鳥誘蝶植栽參考表（2009 年版）

闊葉大喬木	糙葉榕、香楠、大葉楠、青剛櫟、稜果榕、台灣朴樹、台東漆、青楓、山刈葉、菩提樹、厚香皮、雀榕、茄苳、樟樹、楊梅、構樹、榕樹、鐵刀木、苦楝、烏心石、猪腳楠、龍眼、芒果、毛柿、台灣欒樹、白玉蘭、洋玉蘭、烏臼、錫蘭橄欖、麵包樹、九丁樹、紅楠。
闊葉小喬木、針葉木或疏葉型喬木	穗花棋盤腳、披針葉饅頭果、鐵色、流蘇樹、野桐、血桐、杜英、大頭茶、羅氏鹽膚木、鐵冬青、魯花樹、相思樹、台灣山枇杷、水黃皮、山黃麻、火筒樹、菲律賓饅頭果、過山香、鳳凰木、山櫻花、梅、珊瑚刺桐、莢迷、栓皮櫟、羅漢松、無患子、黃連木、水柳、山黃梔、黃槐、牛乳榕、破布子、阿勃勒、黃槿、九芎、台灣海桐、小葉桑、蓮霧、芭樂等各種果樹、山黃皮、呂宋莢蒾
棕櫚科	山棕、台灣海棗、蒲葵。
灌木	海埔姜、冇骨消、七里香、厚葉石斑木、姑婆芋、三葉埔姜、金露花、扶桑、林投、桃葉黃楊、月桃、金毛杜鵑、番茉莉、黃蝴蝶、台東火刺木、硃砂根、臭娘子、枯里珍、雞母珠、海桐。
蔓性及懸垂植物	馬兜玲、炮仗花、九重葛、珊瑚藤、牽牛花、虎葛、山葡萄、三葉崖爬藤、猿尾藤、蟛蜞菊、百香果、蒜香藤、使君子、鷹爪花、毬蘭、朝日蔓、大鄧伯花、紫藤、軟枝黃蟬、葎草、薜荔、金銀花。
草本及地被植物	台灣澤蘭、車前草、槍刀菜、奶葉藤、蛇莓、爵床。
海濱植物	欖仁樹、黃槿、台灣海桐、台東漆、水黃皮、台灣海棗、鐵色、三葉埔姜。台東火刺木、毛苦參、山猪枷、白水木、濱刀豆、蟛蜞菊、臭娘子。
水生植物	野慈菇、水芹菜、大安水簑衣、水丁香。

來源:林憲德

台灣原生植物植栽參考表（2009 年版）

闊葉大喬木	樟葉槭、蓮葉桐、糙葉榕、香楠、台灣欒樹、大葉楠、欖仁、苦楝、烏心石、楓香、刺桐、白雞油、榕樹、樟樹、茄苳、紅楠、山欖、雀榕、青剛櫟、稜果榕、台灣朴樹、台東漆、青楓、竹柏、假三腳虌、欖仁舅、九丁樹、瓊崖海棠。
闊葉小喬木、針葉木或疏葉型喬木	港口木荷、黃槿、穗花棋盤腳、山刈葉、山黃皮、香葉樹、披針葉饅頭果、鐵色、檄樹、恆春厚殼樹、鵝掌柴（江某）、牛乳榕、台灣石楠、無患子、黃連木、流蘇樹、野桐、血桐、杜英、九芎、大頭茶、山黃麻、羅氏鹽膚木、鐵冬青、魯花樹、相思樹、台灣山枇杷、台灣肖楠、水柳、珊瑚樹、台灣扁柏、水黃皮、火筒樹、台灣黃揚、筆筒樹、山黃梔、百日青、海檬果、破布子、內冬子、菲律賓饅頭果、過山香、呂宋莢蒾、台灣海桐。
棕櫚科	台灣海棗、山棕。
灌木	蘭嶼羅漢松、華八仙、海埔姜、七里香、苦林盤、海桐、野牡丹、銳葉柃木、杜虹花、冇骨消、月桃、芙蓉菊、厚葉石斑木、鵝掌藤、姑婆芋、木槿、金毛杜鵑、台東火刺木、硃砂根、三葉埔姜、苦檻藍、臭娘子、枯里珍、雞母珠、紅柴。
草本	巒大秋海棠、桔梗蘭、台灣澤蘭、水鴨腳、文珠蘭、蛇莓、兔尾草、假儉草、沿階草、紫蘭、車前草、香蒲、槍刀菜、奶葉藤、爵床、天胡荽、山蘇。
蔓性及懸垂植物	馬鞍藤、薜荔、蟛蜞菊、虎葛、地錦、海金沙、濱刀豆、金銀花、台灣木通、葎草。
海濱植物	大葉山欖、欖仁樹、黃槿、棋盤腳、台灣海桐、銀葉樹、海檬果、台東漆、水黃皮、瓊崖海棠、台灣海棗、苦林盤。海埔姜、台東火刺木、毛苦參、三葉埔姜、苦檻藍、山猪枷、臭娘子、枯里珍、白水木、草海桐。濱刀豆、馬鞍藤、蟛蜞菊。
水生植物	野慈菇、香蒲、鴨舌草、水芹菜、滿江紅、台灣水龍、大安水簑衣、水丁香、圓葉節節菜、台灣萍蓬草、水竹葉、菖蒲、小莕菜、燈心草。

來源: 林憲德

L.A.’s palm trees are dying and it’s changing the city’s famous skyline By ALLY J. LEVINE SEPTEMBER 22, 2017

L.A.’s palm trees are dying and it’s changing the city’s famous skyline

ike so many things in Southern California, the palm tree was an import from somewhere else that over time became inextricably symbolic of its adopted home.

But the trees, so identified with the sun-splashed excitement of Los Angeles, are facing a decidedly darker fate. They are dying of fatal fungus and under threat of invasive insects in parks and along streets. And for the most part, the city has chosen to replace them not with new palms but with native trees that are more drought-tolerant and shadier, said Leon Borodinsky, a tree surgeon for the department of Recreation and Parks.

City officials say they don’t know how many palm trees have been lost. In 1990, a city tally put the number of palms on L.A.’s streets at 75,000. That number has declined, officials said, but they are not sure by how much.

"Over the next 50 years, you will see a great loss in palms. It's already begun," added Jared Farmer, the author of Trees in Paradise.

The decline in palm trees is part of a larger trend in L.A.’s treescape. In the next five years, the city will lose enough trees to disease and pests that it will take 30 to 50 years to replenish them, Borodinsky said.

The loss of the palms is particularly noticeable because of their prominence in the city’s streetscape.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Los Angeles decorated itself with a diversity of palms to enchant newcomers, Farmer said. The city imported its palm trees from all over the world, since only one species, the California fan palm, is native to the state.

Palm trees dominate frontyards on Figueroa Street in this photo from 1890. (California Historical Society)

Palm trees flourished in Los Angeles alongside the automobile and expansive freeways. "They came to represent the modern auto-based, decentralized metropolis that is L.A.," Farmer said.

Hollywood sealed the deal as movies turned the palm tree into an internationally recognized symbol of Los Angeles.

"Hollywood creates this connection between palm trees, celebrities, glamour, sex and extravagant riches," Farmer said.

A palm tree's mortal enemy

No threats have proved as deadly to palms as the South American palm weevil and Fusarium fungus. Each can kill a healthy palm tree on its own.

South American palm weevil

The weevil crossed the border into San Diego in 2011 and is on its way to Los Angeles. It has no natural enemies in California or Mexico, where it has killed hundreds of Canary Island date palms.

How it kills

1. Palm weevil burrows into the leaf base and lays its eggs.

2. Once hatched, the larvae move into the trunk of the tree.

3. They begin to eat the tree's core, causing it to rot.

4. If the tree is not removed, its crown will eventually fall.

Fusarium fungus

Fusarium, a native fungus found in California soil, usually attacks palms that are overwatered or planted in soil that is naturally wet. It can also spread on infected pruning tools, such as chainsaws.

How it kills

1. Fungus in the soil enters the palm tree through its roots.

2. Colonized fungus clogs vessels the tree uses to transport nutrients.

3. Lower leaves die first, followed by the middle and newest leaves.

Other threats to palm trees

Polyphagous shot hole borer

Scientists first detected the East Asian beetle in Los Angeles county in 2012. By 2017, it has spread to five other counties in Southern California. Ten types of palms are susceptible to the beetle, which carves tunnels in palm trunks to lay its eggs.

Red ring

The South American palm weevil can carry a worm that causes a red ring visible in the cross-section of an attacked palm's trunk. The worm has not reached California, though Researchers say a pathogen like this usually follows closely behind its host.

Sudden crown drop

The inside of the trunk decays, weakening the structure of the palm. Eventually, the "pineapple," or top of the palm, topples to the ground. Canary Island date palms are particularly susceptible. The disease is spread through unsterilized tools, mulch made of infected palms and improper irrigation.

Pink rot

This disease stunts the growth of new leaves and may eventually cause the trunk of the tree to rot. The fungus grows pinkish spore masses. Palms that are planted too deeply, overwatered or already battling other diseases or infestations are most susceptible to pink rot.

資料來源:

By ALLY J. LEVINE SEPTEMBER 22, 2017

https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-palm-trees-dying-skyline-los-angeles/