蛾類毛蟲毒刺 true setae
true setae 如 C 圖中間，沒有和細胞相連，很容易脫落，在微風的條件下，可以長距離飄行，在毛蟲範圍100內 很容易碰到。
針直徑 1~2 um，只有頭髮直徑約 1/80
針的長度 50 um，只有頭髮直徑約 1/2
Fig. 1. The true setae and a setae field (mirror) of O. lunifer: (A) a seta is
sharp at the proximal end facilitating penetration of the skin and mucous
membranes of animals, and backward-pointing barbs allow forward only
migration through the tissue as an animal moves; (B) the proximal ends
of true setae are embedded into pits in the cuticle but not attached to the
integumen
Fig. 2. Schematic maps of setae fields on typical examples of 3rd–8th instars
of O. lunifer caterpillars. The pattern on 7th instar larvae is variable. Head
capsule widths are approximate and typical for the given instar.
Fig. 3. Two size classes of the commonly-described true setae are found in
each setae field of O. lunifer: A, compound micrograph of a clump of true
setae removed from a setae field; (B) the proportion of short setae is greater
on older instars
Fig. 4. Thin true setae are found in the anterior setae fields of abdominal
segment 1 on O. lunifer larva: (A) thin setae are long, narrow and somewhat
bendable; (B) the length and width of thin (triangles) and previouslydescribed true setae (circles) compared (paired data from the same larva).
True setae borne on the abdominal tergites of Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schӓffer caterpillars are the agents of
an irritating contact dermatitis, osteomyelitis, ophthalmia, and severe allergic reactions in humans, and are the
cause of Equine Amnionitis and Fetal Loss in Australia. The setae are detached and readily dislodge from the
integument whereby they disperse throughout the environment. To better understand the true setae of O. lunifer
as agents of medical and veterinary concern, we studied their characteristics and distance dispersed. Whereas
members of the European Thaumetopoeinae have been widely studied, their southern-hemisphere counterparts
such as O. lunifer are not well known despite their harmfulness and known medical and veterinary importance. The
caterpillar’s investment in true setae increased with age and size, and two distinct size classes co-occurred in setae
fields. A previously undescribed morphological type of true seta was found on the first abdominal segment. All
true setae were calculated to travel long distances in the air even under light breeze conditions. Our results show
there is a high risk of exposure to airborne urticating setae within 100 m of elevated caterpillar activity, and a likely
risk of exposure for some kilometers in the direction of the prevailing breeze. This information should be used to
inform management strategies in areas where urticating processionary caterpillars are active, and especially during
periods of an outbreak.
True setae of the female H. oratex. (a) general view; (b) base; (c) medial portion, arrow indicates a longitudinal groove; (d) apex, arrow indicates the apical groove (scales = 25, 03, 05, 05 µm, respectively).
-Modifi ed setae of the female H. oratex. (a) general view (asterisk); (b) pointed projections at base; (c) medial portion; (d) apex, arrow indicates apical orifi ces (scales = 200, 25, 10, 05 µm, respectively).
-Egg mass of H. oratex. (a) egg mass on a branch of the host plant; (b) detail of the layer composed of true and modifi ed setae (scales = 5 mm; 200 µm, respectively).
Figure 4. Venom components of different caterpillar species and their role on human body targets in
the pathophysiology. Caterpillar venoms contain pharmacologically active components that are able to
interfere with targets in the normal human cellular physiology. Some components are responsible for
the local effects such as inflammation, erythema, edema, intense itch, tissue damage, pain and may
exert an allergic reaction. Others affect the hemostasis by acting on the coagulation cascade or on the
fibrinolytic pathway. Venom components colored in green activate a step in the cascade, while the
components colored in red are able to inhibit a step. In some cases, this can lead to the development of
an acute kidney injury (AKI). The venom-induced AKI cascade in the figure is copied with permission
from [50].
Variation in Morphology and Airborne
Dispersal of the Urticating Apparatus of Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera:Notodontidae),
an Australian Processionary Caterpillar, and Implications for Livestock and
Humans
資料來源:
Lynda E. Perkins,
1, Bronwen W. Cribb,
1,2
Dan
E. Pagendam,
3
and
Myron P. Zalucki1,4,
1
School of Biological Science, The
University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia, 2
Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis,
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
4072, Australia, 3
CSIRO Data61, Dutton Park, QLD 4102,
Australia, and 4
Corresponding
author, e-mail: m.zalucki@uq.edu.au
Subject Editor: Phyllis Weintraub
Received 27 August 2019; Editorial decision
24 October 2019
Abdominal macrochaetae of female Hylesia oratex Dyar, 1913 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): External morphology and medical significance
Article
Full-text available
Aug 2015
Review
Caterpillar Venom: A Health Hazard of the
21st Century
Andrea Seldeslachts , Steve Peigneur and Jan Tytgat *
Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, O & N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922,
3000 Leuven, Belgium; andrea.seldeslachts@kuleuven.be (A.S.); steve.peigneur@kuleuven.be (S.P.)
* Correspondence: jan.tytgat@kuleuven.be
Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 24 May 2020; Published: 30 May 2020
