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An Objective Observation of the Chapter on Tree Development and Growth Stages in the European Tree Technician Study Guide (EAC, 2023)

While I do not possess formal scholarly credentials, my passion for tree architecture fuels an ongoing commitment to dynamic learning, ensuring that I remain current with advancements in the field. This feedback is grounded in impartial criteria and established research within the realm of tree architecture, serving as a call for positive change rather than a challenge to the status quo. My aim is to foster progress, inspire introspection, and promote dialogue within the arboriculture community. May this observation prompt a reevaluation of obsolete concepts and outdated practices still prevalent in the management of our arboreal patrimony.

The catalyst for my observation stemmed from a notable assertion in the European Tree Technician Study Guide (EAC, 2023):

"Depending on the approach and the purpose of the work, many authors identify more stages in the life cycle of a tree, however, the 10-stage model of Pierre Raimbault is currently the best one for arborists"

– European Arboriculture Council, 2023. Tree Technician Study Guide, Ch1., B.3., Tree Development at Different Life Stages, p.39.

Let's embark on a collaborative exploration, inviting you—the reader—to critically examine the assertion made in the chapter.

Is it indeed true that Raimbault's '10-stage model' represents the most suitable sequence of tree development, as implied by the text? Does scientific research support this claim, making it the most appropriate framework available to arborists today?

Do we find this assertion compelling, or do we require further investigation into the validity and applicability of the model?

Furthermore, we must question whether this assertion relies on the argument of authority, wherein the opinion of the writers on behalf of the European Arboriculture Council serves as evidence. Alternatively, do we find evidence supporting this claim within the literature cited at the end of the chapter?

I encourage you to exercise critical thinking, analyze scientific research accepted by a global consensus, and, for the moment, set aside opinions to arrive at an accurate conclusion.

What alternative models describing the sequence of tree development are being considered?

It's important to approach this examination with an open mind and consider multiple perspectives, if available, before drawing conclusions. This is essential for achieving a thorough and unbiased understanding. By engaging in this collaborative inquiry process, you—the reader— agree to deepen your understanding of tree development and its implication for arboricultural practice. To determine if Raimbault's '10-stage model' is indeed the most reliable sequence of tree development available today, a thorough study of scientific literature and consultation with scholars and specialists in tree architecture is necessary. This field has been scrutinised for over 60 years (originated by Hallé & Oldeman), making it the most reliable source of information on tree development. This involves examining peer-reviewed studies and academic articles, doctoral dissertations, textbooks, and professional publications that discuss tree architecture (dynamics of growth, stages of development and physiological states).

It is also essential to critically evaluate why Pierre Raimbault's model is considered the best for arborists explicitly, as stated by the writers?

Tree development is governed by an endogenous program, fluctuated by the environment. The plasticity of trees unveils the unavoidable correlation between endogenous processes and exogenous factors. The accuracy of a proposed sequence of tree development cannot be compromised by its application; it is what it is. Is the tree the commander in chief of its intrinsic ontogenetic development.

Scientific theories and scientific models are the culmination of a global consensus of scientists. Empirical observations are gathered, a hypothesis is generated, tested & re-tested, aiming inextricably to falsify it, rather than confirming it. This is how scrupulously honest and rigorous the scientific method is. It seeks to put at risk the hypothesis, unlike confirmation bias pseudoscience. Science therefore does not guarantee 100% certainty, but a scientific theory or a scientific model is the highest probability available, until proven false and rejected or modified. Science is in constant reevaluation of its research and so is tree architecture as a science and discipline.

Raimbault's '10-stage model' lacks the validation of a scientific global consensus. Instead, the community of botanists, scholars and academics engaged in tree architecture analysis have never validated or endorsed it, and, for many arborists today, that once embraced it, like my self, its many inconsistencies with a scientific consensus makes it obsolete.

Don't get me wrong regarding Pierre Raimbault. There's no intent here to discredit his body of work, which is significant in many respects. This observation only addresses discrepancies in his '10-stage model', and even though it was controversial, it's crucial to acknowledge his legacy. He was the pioneer in the application of tree architecture in arboriculture. . However, the bridge between the scientific theory and popular science was built by Caraglio and Édelin and his scholars (Drénou, Genoyer, Atger and Millet). Not only have they contributed to the evolution of tree architecture as a science and discipline, but they have transposed its methods and accuracy to a more comprehensible and accessible language, available and applicable to arboriculture practitioners.

Raimbault's methodology (An above-ground analysis and diagnosis method, 1993) was acclaimed by the arboriculture community, but rejected by the scientific community right from the start. Having achieved his doctoral dissertation on tree senescence, Christophe Drénou, Ph.D. (1994), was the first to point out inconsistency in Raimbault's methodology (Drénou, 1995). Where Raimbault's 6 original stages (Raimbault, 1990) had become 10—adding 9 & 10. Two phases that are not stages of development, but rather physiological states of reaction to environmental conditions.

Stage 9 (Raimbault, 1993), Crown retrenchment (uppermost crown descent).

Stage 10 (Raimbault, 1993), Dislocation (colony of reiterates-substitute shoots, or to retake David Lonsdale's term used in the chapter, a colony of 'functional units'. The initial individual tree becomes a colony of clones, acquiring a low degree of individuality.

These are not ontogenic stages endogenously programmed in the tree; instead, they are physiological states of reaction that can occur in earlier stages due to external factors.

Raimbault's original 6 stages (1990) placed the senescent tree in stage 5 and the tree after crown retrenchment on stage 6.

Thus, in a way, Raimbault's new stages encouraged fostering scientific research on physiological states of reaction within the arboriculture community—in response to the need for clarification. This effort owes much to the rigorous research and popularization led by Christophe Drénou et al. through the ARCHI Method (ARCHItectural diagnosis of tree vitality).

http://www.arboritecture.org/the-archi-method

REFERENCES CITED

Drénou, C., 1994. Approche architecturale de la sénescence des arbres. Le cas de quelques angiospermes tempérées et tropicales. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier.

Drénou, C., 1995. A propos de la gestion des arbres d'ornement. Revue forestière française, pp.709-710.

European Arboriculture Council, EAC, 2023. Tree Technician Study Guide, Edited by Bregt Roobroeck.

https://www.eac-arboriculture.com/ett-study-guide1.pdfx?forced=true

Mólder, A. and Oetjen, R., 2023. The Theoretical Foundations of Tree Management (Ch.1) In EAC, 2023. Tree Technician Study Guide.

Raimbault, P. and Tanguy, M., 1993. La gestion des arbres d'ornement. 1re partie: Une méthode d'analyse et de diagnostic de la partie aérienne. Revue forestière française, 45(2), pp.97-117.

Raimbault, P., 1990. La taille des arbustes et des jeunes arbres d'ornement (1er partie: Le fonctionnement de l'arbre). CNFPT pp.95.

資料來源:

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/objective-observation-chapter-tree-development-growth-restrepo-hh4te/

𝐘𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐨 (2014) – 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐮 𝐩𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬 – 𝐋𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐮é 𝐚𝐮 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐕𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐢, 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬 5è𝐦𝐞. Yves Caraglio (UMR - Unité mixte de recherche, AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations, CIRAD, Montpellier) à la demande de la Ville de Paris.

Partagé avec l'aimable autorisation de Béatrice Rizzo (Ingénieure Expert en charge de la Cellule Expertises Arboricoles, Service de l'arbre et des bois de la Ville de Paris).

𝐏𝐃𝐅

https://t.ly/CG0L7

arboritecture.org

https://lnkd.in/g-5wb8s

Facebook

https://lnkd.in/eTteeP66

𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐥𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐬 :

« Le tronc est mort en grande partie, quelques zones sont encore actives en termes de production de bois et liber. Tout le houppier fonctionnel actuel a pour origine la mise en place et la succession de structures (tiges) tardives (processus dit de réitération tardive), deux axes, supports de l’ensemble du feuillage, sont visiblement des restes de l’infrastructure d’origine (structures dites séquentielles car mises en place au cours du développement du jeune arbre). L’ensemble des tiges du houppier présente une orientation générale oblique à horizontale. Les axes colonisateurs verticaux sont très rares et cette orientation verticale est éphémère (une à deux années maximum). La plante est en phase de dislocation du houppier, ce qui n’a rien d’étonnant vu son âge calendaire. »

« Dans l’individu observé, il n’y a que très rarement des rameaux latéraux mis en place, quand ils existent : il s’agit de structures latérales courtes à durée de vie brèves (2 à 4 ans) sans fort développement et exprimant rapidement la floraison. »

« Distribution inhomogène de la fructification dans le houppier. Les axes situés en regard de la facade de l’église sont fortement sexualisés. Si les points de floraison sont nombreux et donnent une fructification abondante, le nombre et la dimension des graines indiquent que cet arbre n’est plus en capacité de se reproduire (quelques graines peuvent arriver à maturité mais pas l’ensemble). »

« Actuellement toutes les structures d’origine et de réparations du tronc sont mortes à l’exception d’un cordon [...] qui se renfle à la base (problème de progression partie souterraine…) et qui assure la conduction entre la cime basse vivante et les racines. »

"La structure globale réagit aussi par la mise en place de drageons (tiges développées sur les racines) et de rejets de pied. »

« La structure globale réagit aussi par la mise en place de drageons (tiges développées sur les racines) et de rejets de pied. »

« L'individu n’est plus en capacité de réparer et restructurer. »

« La structure de son houppier dans les années 1900 et sa croissance depuis lors permettent de poser l’hypothèse d’un individu de 200 ans dérivant déjà de l’individu du départ par rejet basal ou drageon. »

-Yves Caraglio, 2014

- Yves Caraglio, 2014

資料來源:

David S. Restrepo

https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7199499391966019585/?origin=NETWORK_CONVERSATIONS&midToken=AQH4zbeg8M7dMg&midSig=1YFLErTItvCXg1&trk=eml-email_network_conversations_01-network~post~cta-0-read~more&trkEmail=eml-email_network_conversations_01-network~post~cta-0-read~more-null-cp8rgc~lwov4ugo~7w-null-null&eid=cp8rgc-lwov4ugo-7w&otpToken=MTUwMzE5ZTkxYjJkY2FjMGI0MjQwNGVkNDcxOGVmYjQ4N2NjZDY0MDkxYTg4ODYxNzZjZTAzNmQ0ZTVmNWVmN2Y1ZDBkZmU0NTJmNmZkZmQ2N2IyYWViMGVkN2E4ZGFkM2M0YzBjNjhhNjJlNWFiY2I2MzViYSwxLDE%3D

慘！集集砍光1.6公里綠蔭大道樹木「橫屍遍野」如墳場

集集鎮公所砍除1.6公里小葉欖仁路樹，遭砍的樹幹沿線堆置，猶如「樹木墳場」。（記者劉濱銓攝）

〔記者劉濱銓／南投報導〕南投集集火車站前1.6公里集集鎮公所砍除1.6公里小葉欖仁路樹，遭砍的樹幹沿線堆置，猶如「樹木墳場」。（記者劉濱銓攝）

小葉欖仁綠蔭大道，種植逾30年產生浮根影響道路安全，集集鎮公所為此砍光綠樹引發爭議，尤其樹木砍倒後沿路堆置，樹幹「橫屍遍野」的慘況有如「樹木墳場」，令居民相當痛心，公所回應，目前廠商加緊清運，下週就會清理完畢。

當地謝姓民眾表示，小葉欖仁種了30多年好不容易綠樹成蔭，但公所卻以浮根影響道安為由全數砍除，其實浮根可透過擴大樹穴解決，不一定要全砍光，特別是集集以綠色隧道聞名，鎮內的林蔭田園風光更是寶貴資產，但看到綠樹全被砍光，沿路滿是樹幹殘枝實在很痛心。

集集前鎮長陳紀衡則說，公所要砍樹並未公告周知，甚至工區也未述明要砍樹，僅用公所臉書宣布確實不夠週全，若能搭配垃圾車廣播，效果應會更好，尤其解決浮根並非只有砍光一途，若透過疏伐以間隔方式保留樹木，就可擴大樹穴，之後再種灌木綠籬，還是可維持一定綠蔭。無奈公所未參酌折衷辦法，僅用1天就全數砍除，讓人相當遺憾，現在既然木已成舟，只希望日後的綠化營造能更審慎，並讓民眾意見能參與其中，以免重蹈覆轍。

集集鎮公所回應，路樹不是種來砍的，砍樹是「吃力不討好」的差事，火車站前小葉欖仁都已成蔭，惟浮根與地下根系導致路面凸起與排水阻塞，為解決道安與積水問題才會忍痛砍除，之後則會改種符合當地樹穴環境的低矮灌木，以徹底解決路樹問題，至於沿路砍伐的樹幹都已在裁切清運，預計下週就會完成，過渡時期還盼民眾諒解。

資料來源:

https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/4674593

Matt Logan

President, Logan Tree Experts, BCMA

I understand that the following may come across as a “grumpy old man angry at change”, but this article briefly summarizes discussions I've been having with fellow arborists over the last several years. It's been my observations, as well as that of my colleagues, that an alarming number of new businesses have sprung up recently, and the proprietors of these businesses do not have a wealth of experience. Seemingly, arborist program graduates are coming out of college programs with limited practical in-field work experience and are starting their own businesses. Alternatively, a fair number of small companies are being started after the owner gains 2 to 3 years of experience with a reputable, or possibly unreputable business, and feels like they can go out on their own. Now, I'm aware that this is nothing new, and issues like this have been talked about far before my time, but it does seem to be more prevalent in the last few years. I think this is most likely from the surge in the industry due to Emerald Ash Borer and numerous severe weather events, which have created a boom in the industry. With an abundance of work everywhere, everyone wants their slice of the pie.

I also believe that there is a larger underlying issue in our industry. By not having clear enough definitions of what is necessary to be a master of the craft, arboriculture does not have a clear enough mentorship program and experience level benchmarks to master the skill. Therefore, we have people entering the industry without knowing the full scope of skills, knowledge, and experience required to work in this industry. We also lack a clear career path for employees. Many times, they feel disillusioned and stuck in a rut, unaware of options within a company, and decide to go and make their own path. The issue with this is that we are having people with insufficient experience acting as ambassadors for the industry on a day-to-day basis. This can then reflect in such things as poor quality, poor service, safety issues, and inaccurate pricing. This creates an unhealthy and unstable industry environment that harms all those involved: the businesses, the employees, the clients, the public, and the trees.

So, what can we do? As I've stated in the past, some type of regulation, registration, or standardization in this industry to ensure a level of competency, training, and knowledge would be a good first step. This would then not only level the playing field but also provide a standard that the public can recognize and expect. With some type of regulation or standardization, we can also standardize rates as well as wages, which will be helpful for both the public and employees. We also need to improve our career paths for our employees and our mentorship programs. Many arborists come out of college programs feeling that since they have graduated from the program, they are now competent arborists. I hate to burst people's bubbles, but the college programs are fundamental only. They are used to introduce students to the industry and key concepts, but they only teach basic introductory concepts, leaving the rest of the training to workplaces. To become a proficient arborist, in-school training must work in conjunction with a properly placed job placement with a reputable company that is willing and able to mentor the student and help them develop their knowledge base. Similarly, an ISA-certified arborist credential is still a benchmark of competence. Within the arboriculture field, years of training, experience, mentoring, and practice are what will make an arborist proficient, regardless of their scope of practice. To look at it another way, If we consider arborists under the industrial athlete moniker, as many do, we should also adopt the principle of 10,000 hours to become an expert. When people are graduating and starting a business between 1 and 2 years after graduation, where are they within those 10,000 hours? Are they putting those 10,000 hours to good use? Are they learning from their mistakes? Are they learning within an echo chamber with no one around to properly mentor?

If we were to go by the standard of the 444A, the Ontario College of Trades Apprenticeship training standard, which arborist apprenticeship programs adhere to and the non-apprenticeship programs closely align with, we would see the importance of on-the-job training and mentorship. Within the standard, 5,400 hrs are identified as necessary for skill competence, as well as 660 hours of in-school training. That is a 90:11 ratio! Even if you don’t adhere to the 444A, one can certainly appreciate the value put toward experience and mentoring.

Are those new companies and new arborists starting their own businesses getting their on-the-job training in the client's trees? How dangerous is that for the clients, employees, and the industry? Our post-secondary arborist programs need to do a better job of emphasizing that students are not done learning when they get that Certificate and that knowledge cannot replace experience; the two must work in conjunction.

We need to do a better job of taking pride in our work and ensuring that the people doing this work can do it properly. As an industry, we should strive for a more defined scope, required training, and standardization to legitimize the industry and ensure its sustainability. As colleges, we need to make our students aware of where they are in their career path and the journey ahead. As employers, we need to do a better job of showing them that career path and the steps that it will take in their progression as employees. As people entering this industry, we need to show the humility and patience required to truly master the craft, prioritize skill development, and not underestimate the value of mentorship.

資料來源:

Matt Logan

President, Logan Tree Experts, BCMA

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/perception-competence-matt-logan-jfmtc/?trackingId=97Pg5Jo0zi7vg30I8%2FXfkQ%3D%3D

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An Objective Observation of the Chapter on Tree Development and Growth Stages in the European Tree Technician Study Guide (EAC, 2023)

捷克認證樹藝師 chtít certifikované aboristy?

捷克樹藝師學院 Arboristická Akademie 資料來源: https://www.arboristickaakademie.cz/

向花椰菜造型說再見彰化爆紅「安全帽樹」回來了

慘！集集砍光1.6公里綠蔭大道樹木「橫屍遍野」如墳場

集集站前1.6公里小葉欖仁公所砍光

這麼大的老樹，硬要把祂拔開蓋路，盤天鋪地不見盡頭的枝葉，硬是站在斷成血淋淋的小腳上，怎麼站？怎麼撐？

樹木遭雷擊

褐根病用中藥治癒？台南一中被宣告死亡的榕樹長綠葉活了

the perception of competence by Matt Logan

台灣刁民(而且超多)對樹木的要求是取自中山大學顏聖紘老師

而在這裡，有的人擁抱樹木也有人想要砍伐樹木但二者卻能毗鄰而居別連科